100 palavras acadêmicas do TOEFL

Vocabulário organizado por função discursiva (argumento, refutação, evidência, contraste). Estude 15 por dia em 1 semana e veja sua banda de Reading e Writing subir 1–2 pontos.

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1. Para introduzir um argumento

Use no Speaking, Writing e identifique no Reading/Listening como sinais de tese.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
contend	sustentar, alegar	The author contends that climate change is anthropogenic.
posit	postular, propor	Researchers posit that the universe is expanding.
maintain	manter, sustentar	He maintains that the policy is effective.
claim	afirmar	She claims that the data supports her hypothesis.
assert	afirmar com firmeza	The report asserts that growth has slowed.
propose	propor	Scientists propose a new model.
argue	argumentar	The lecturer argues against this view.
suggest	sugerir	Evidence suggests a different conclusion.
hold	sustentar (uma posição)	Many experts hold this view.
advocate	defender	Critics advocate for reform.

2. Para refutar / contradizer

Críticas para Integrated Writing e Listening (lectures que refutam o reading).

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
counter	contestar, refutar	The professor counters that the data is incomplete.
rebut	rebater	The new study rebuts the earlier findings.
dispute	contestar	Critics dispute the interpretation.
challenge	desafiar, contestar	This view is challenged by recent evidence.
undermine	enfraquecer	The new data undermines the hypothesis.
contradict	contradizer	These results contradict her theory.
complicate	complicar (a versão simples)	Real-world cases complicate this picture.
refute	refutar	The lecture refutes each point of the reading.
discredit	desacreditar	The findings discredit the original claim.
overturn	derrubar (uma teoria)	New evidence overturned the consensus.

3. Causa e efeito

Frequente em lectures de história, biologia e economia.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
lead to	levar a	Pollution leads to ecosystem damage.
result in	resultar em	The reform resulted in better outcomes.
stem from	originar-se de	The problem stems from poor design.
arise from	surgir de	Conflicts often arise from misunderstanding.
trigger	desencadear	The drought triggered a famine.
prompt	provocar	The crisis prompted reform.
bring about	causar	The policy brought about change.
give rise to	dar origem a	New conditions gave rise to new species.
drive	impulsionar	Demand drives prices.
cause	causar	Stress causes hormonal changes.

4. Evidências e exemplos

Sinaliza prova ou ilustração — alvo de questões Detail e Function.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
demonstrate	demonstrar	Studies demonstrate this effect.
illustrate	ilustrar	This case illustrates the principle.
indicate	indicar	Data indicates a downward trend.
reveal	revelar	The analysis reveals patterns.
show	mostrar	Research shows clear correlation.
support	apoiar (evidência)	Evidence supports this view.
confirm	confirmar	Results confirm the hypothesis.
document	documentar	Records document the trend.
substantiate	comprovar	Hard data substantiates the claim.
corroborate	corroborar	Independent studies corroborate the finding.

5. Contrastar e qualificar

Conectivos avançados — substitua 'but' por estes no Writing.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
however	no entanto	The theory is appealing; however, evidence is weak.
nevertheless	mesmo assim	The cost is high; nevertheless, the benefit justifies it.
despite	apesar de	Despite criticism, the model remains useful.
whereas	ao passo que	Group A grew, whereas group B declined.
while	enquanto (contraste)	While X is common, Y is rare.
conversely	inversamente	Some prefer A; conversely, others prefer B.
on the other hand	por outro lado	On the other hand, costs are significant.
albeit	embora	Effective, albeit costly.
notwithstanding	apesar de	Notwithstanding the difficulty, success was achieved.
yet	porém	Small, yet significant.

6. Conclusões e síntese

Use no fechamento de Speaking task 1 e do Academic Discussion.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
therefore	portanto	The data is clear; therefore, action is needed.
consequently	consequentemente	Demand fell; consequently, prices dropped.
thus	assim	Conditions improved; thus, output rose.
hence	daí	Hence the conclusion that...
accordingly	conforme	Accordingly, plans were revised.
as a result	como resultado	As a result, costs dropped.
ultimately	em última instância	Ultimately, the project succeeded.
in turn	por sua vez	Higher costs, in turn, reduce demand.
on balance	no geral	On balance, the benefits outweigh the risks.
all things considered	considerando tudo	All things considered, the policy works.

7. Adjetivos avaliativos

Calibram intensidade — atenção em questões de Attitude.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
substantial	substancial	Substantial evidence supports this.
considerable	considerável	Considerable variation exists.
significant	significativo	A significant decline was observed.
negligible	negligenciável	The effect was negligible.
profound	profundo	Profound changes in policy.
marginal	marginal	Marginal improvements at best.
decisive	decisivo	A decisive moment in history.
compelling	convincente	Compelling evidence emerged.
plausible	plausível	A plausible interpretation.
dubious	duvidoso	Dubious claims require scrutiny.

8. Mudança e processo

Comum em lectures de biologia, geologia e história.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
emerge	emergir	A new pattern emerged.
evolve	evoluir	The species evolved over millennia.
adapt	adaptar(-se)	Organisms adapt to environment.
transform	transformar	The reform transformed the institution.
deteriorate	deteriorar	Conditions deteriorated rapidly.
flourish	prosperar	Trade flourished in this era.
diminish	diminuir	Resources diminished.
dwindle	minguar	Stocks dwindled to almost nothing.
proliferate	proliferar	Species proliferated in this niche.
stagnate	estagnar	Productivity stagnated for years.

9. Substantivos acadêmicos

Frequentes em passagens de Reading e prompts de Writing.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
hypothesis	hipótese	The hypothesis was tested.
paradigm	paradigma	A new paradigm emerged.
mechanism	mecanismo	The biological mechanism.
phenomenon	fenômeno (pl. phenomena)	This phenomenon is widespread.
discrepancy	discrepância	A discrepancy in the data.
anomaly	anomalia	An anomaly worth investigating.
paradox	paradoxo	An apparent paradox.
correlation	correlação	A strong correlation.
causation	causalidade	Correlation isn't causation.
implication	implicação	The implications are profound.

10. Análise e raciocínio

Use ativamente no Speaking task 4 e Integrated Writing.

Inglês	Português	Exemplo
infer	inferir	We can infer that...
deduce	deduzir	She deduced the answer.
derive	derivar	The conclusion is derived from data.
extrapolate	extrapolar	Extrapolating from the trend...
interpret	interpretar	The data is interpreted as...
synthesize	sintetizar	The author synthesizes multiple sources.
hypothesize	hipotetizar	Researchers hypothesized that...
postulate	postular	The theory postulates...
theorize	teorizar	Some theorize that...
speculate	especular	It's tempting to speculate...

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